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Bio-Technology is a research oriented science, a combination of Biology and Technology. It covers a wide variety of subjects like Genetics, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology, Virology, Chemistry and Engineering and is also concerned with many other subjects like Health and Medicine, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Cropping system and Crop Management, Ecology, Cell Biology, Soil science and Soil Conservation, Bio-statistics, Plant Physiology, Seed Technology etc. Bio-Technology is the use of living things, especially cells and bacteria in industrial process. There is a great scope in this field as the demand for biotechnologist are growing in India as well as abroad.

There are many application of biotechnology such as developing various medicines, vaccines and diagnostics, increasing productivity, improving energy production and conservation. Biotechnology’s intervention in the area of animal husbandry has improved animal breeding. It also helps to improve the quality of seeds, insecticides and fertilizers. Environmental biotechnology helps for pollution control and waste management.

Most of the information that has led to the emergence of biotechnology in the present form has been generated during the last five decades. The setting up of a separate Department of Biotechnology (DBT) (www.dbtindia.nic.in ) under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1986 gave a new impetus to the development of the field of modern biology and biotechnology in India. More than 6000 biotechnologists of higher skill are required in India as per the report from the Human Resource Development Ministry. To overcome this vast requirement the department of Biotechnology (DBT) has highlighted the need to set up a regulatory body for the maintenance of standard education under the name of ‘All- India Board of Biotechnology Education and Training’ under the AICTE.

Eligibility
If you want to join a course in biotechnology you must have a background in science, that is Physics or agriculture, chemistry and biology at the intermediate level can join for B.Tech. In India, some universities offer the B.Sc biotechnology which one can join after class 12 or equivalent examination, with physics, chemistry and mathematics. Graduates in all sciences/engineering technology/medicine are eligible for the postgraduate (M.Sc.) course in biotechnology. Programme in Biotechnology. P.G. courses available are M.Sc. Biotechnology, M.Sc. (Agriculture) Biotechnology, M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology,M.Sc./M.V.Sc.in Veterinary Biotechnology, M.Sc.(Marine) Biotechnology,Medical Biotechnology, M.Tech.in Biomedical Engineering/Biotechnology.Depending upon the aptitude and necessity, more advanced courses such PH.D.and Post-Doctoral Research in Biotechnology can also be pursued.

Integrated M.Tech. programme offered at IIT Delhi and Kharagpur is through a Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), which is held for students who have successfully completed the 10+2 or equivalent examination, with physics, chemistry and mathematics. For admission to IIT, a pass in the IIT-JEE is required. The Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, AIIMS, Jadavpur University, Kolkata and Anna University also offers integrated M.Tech course. Selection to the graduate courses ( BE / B.Tech ) is based on merit i.e the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and through entrance exams. Entrance to the IIT’s is through JEE (Joint Entrance Exam) and for other institutions through their own separate entrance exams and other state level and national level exams. Apart from the IIT’s, some other famous institutes also recognize JEE scores for selection. Selection to the postgraduate courses ( M.Sc / M.Tech) in different universities is through an All India Combined Entrance exam conducted by JNU, New Delhi and to IIT’s through GATE in Two year/ 4 semester M.Tech courses and through JEE in five year integrated M.Tech courses in Biochemical engineering and Biotechnology.

Personal Qualities Required-A prospective biotechnologist should have a scientific aptitude and a keen interest in the biological sciences. He should be methodical and patient by nature, able to work neatly and accurately and have a flair for laboratory work. The ability to work independently is another important aspect. ability to use computers in work is very important. biotechnologist needs certain skill of problem solving, information technology skill, analyzing and interpreting skills.

Duration: Three years duration for B.Sc course. Two years to complete the M.Sc. course. B.Tech. course is of four years duration and five year for integrated M.Tech. programme offered at IIT Delhi and Kharagpur.

DBT (The Department of Biotechnology) has therefore, launched an integrated Manpower Development Programme which includes training of scientists/technologists for the expanding biotechnological R&D activities and for filling critical gaps in internal competence. The programme includes
* Short term Training Courses;
* M.Sc/M.Tech./Post Doc.Programmes;
* National and Overseas Associate ships;
* Visiting Scientist from Abroad Programme;
* Short-term Training Course for Industrial personnel
* Technician Training
* Biotechnology teaching/training programme for school
* Biotechnology Publications
* Popular lectures
* Biotechnology films etc.

        

The career opportunities for a qualified Company Secretary are increasing as the economy is growing and new and more companies are entering the market. As per law all the public limited companies beyond a particular size are required to appoint a qualified company secretary who is generally a senior officer of the management. The role of company secretary is that of an advisor to the management regarding complex legal, regulatory as well as business and financial matters. Increasingly the roles of finance and company secretary are also getting merged and in many a company the same person is handling the two jobs, increasing his profile in the management.

Eligibility
One can become a company secretary only after passing the final examination conducted by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, ICSI House, 22 Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003. CS course can be pursued in two ways. If you want to pursue the course after graduation, then you need to have a minimum degree of commerce with 50% marks. If you are a Science or Arts graduate, then you should have scored a minimum of 60% or more at the graduation stage, other graduates are eligible if they have an aggregate of 65% or more at the graduation stage. Those who do not have the minimum entry required or who want to pursue the course immediately after their class 12th examination have to appear in the Foundation Exam conducted by the institute.
Examination is conducted twice a year and all the course material is given by the institute. This is one of the most cost effective courses in the field of corporate law and finance.

Examination hurdle
The main entrance exam for CS is the Foundation Exam. The subjects include theoretical aspects of law, Economics and accountancy. Once you have passed the CS Foundation exam, you are eligible to become a CS student under the ICSI. There are two stages after that. First is Intermediate and the second is Final. You have to clear both the stages to be called a professional CS. Once you pass out of the institute, you are called ACS or an Associate member of the institute. With additional experience, you become FCS or fellow member of the institute.

        

We all have an uncanny desire to be famous, known to people at large and be seen on televisions and mentioned in news papers. We also want to have an exciting career which can shake the foundation of even well entrenched governments and politicians. We also want to be the first to break a sensational story to the world and be in the thick of action at all times and places. What about if you can do all that and also be paid to do so handsomely. If these idea excite you then Media and Journalism is the right career choice for you.

Media can broadly be divided into two categories - Print and Electronic. Journalism in the print media consists of newspapers, journals, magazines, digests, publications and news agencies. On the other hand, journalism through the electronic medium consists of television, radio and the internet. There are a plenty of career options for professionals in the field.

The plethora of 24/7 TV channels and a large number of news papers and the consequent need to be the first to break the big story has led to an increased demand for electronic media reporters spread over every nook and corner of the country bringing stories and scoops into our living rooms. It has also led to increased demand for other supporting staff such as camera men, electronics and sound engineers and technicians, content providers, researcher and presenters etc.

Print Media also requires professionals from various fields such as editors, sub editors, proof readers, content writers, field reporters, critics, photo journalists, columnists, specialists in various fields, cartoonists, feature writers, correspondents and people in sales and marketing side. There are plenty of opportunities and the growing awareness level among people is only going to make more demands on the profession.

Various universities and private colleges alike offer degrees, diplomas and post graduate diplomas in mass communication and media which are very handy to carve a career in the field.

        

The increase in disposable income of middle and upper middle classes and growing tendency to spare no expenses to make one’s house a home is coming as a boon to the new and exciting career of interior designing and decoration. This is perhaps one career choice where women far outnumber their male counterparts. The career offers tremendous opportunities to give direction to one’s creative instincts based on clients’ requirements and sky is the limit for those who establish themselves in the field. The career is not limited to designing the interiors of homes only now a days as offices and business houses are also devoting considerable time and resources to make a difference to their office environment.

Education Qualification
The minimum educational qualification to enter the profession is by completing a diploma course in interior design and decoration conducted by various government polytechnics and institutions. The duration of the course is generally 3 years and minimum qualification to enter the course is a pass in matric or equivalent exam.

Employment Opportunities :
Interior Designers are required in hotels, tourism departments, museums and exhibitions emporiums & with builders & contractors. They can also work as display artists in commercial establishments. They are also much in demand as professionals for organizing large scale exhibitions and fairs. Furniture Designing is another area where they can work. With experience one can also establish his own practice in the field or first join an established firm and then decide to branch out on one’s own.

        

The growing importance of India in the international arena has given rise to increased tourists and business travelers flow into the country. This has resulted in openings of a large number of hotels, resorts spa centres and other attractions across the length and breadth of the country. The vibrancy in the sector is also leading to increased demand for experienced professionals in the field and compensations packages are also rising with the trend. Opportunities are there for even graduates with good communication skills and customer care attitude and with good experience in the field, ascent to the top is very fast and guaranteed.

The sector is feeling the pinch of available manpower to fulfill the huge demand and the only way the sector can grow fast is with the availability of right manpower. As per an industry estimate, hotels of various categories immediately need almost 15,000 trained professionals to man various positions and demand is also growing as more and more such hotels are opening at all the places.. With the huge growth in domestic tourism and the steady inflow of around 3 million international tourists leading up, there is a demand for qualified chefs, F&B and housekeeping managers. Needles to say that hotel management which was once not that preferred career choice for students is today one of the most sought and competitive sector attracting best talent. Opening of a large number of such schools and colleges is a testimony to the tremendous growth experienced by the industry and things are only going to be better.

        

Computer scientists and database administrators normally work in offices or laboratories in comfortable surroundings and great working conditions. The usual working hours are work about 40 to 50 hours a week. However as they are an integral part of a team of professionals who are supposed to deal with problems and address them in a time bound manner, late evenings or weekend work to meet deadlines or solve specific problems are not uncommon. However it is not necessary that they have to come to office to address the problems. With availability of technology and as expansion of networks, more work can be done from remote locations through modems, laptops, electronic mail, and the Internet.

        

In the marketing area the potential is unlimited. The insurance business in India is yet to grow to its full potential as still insurance penetration is pretty low. The requirements for agents or advisors who operate in th field is enormous and compensation is directly linked to the amount of business they bring for the company. A number of agents are earning very handsomely based upon their good performance. Since there are a large number of agents working in the field and bringing business for company, there is a also requirement for marketing managers and agency managers to guide, motivate and supervise them. More and more people are needed in marketing because it brings money for the company.

• Insurance agents may work for one insurance company or as independent agents selling for several companies.
• Insurance brokers do not sell for a particular company, but place insurance policies for their clients with the company that offers the best rate and coverage.

Insurance agents and brokers can find openings in the health insurance sector, financial planning services, retirement planning counseling or even provide other services, for example sell mutual funds, annuities and other securities.

        

With the opening of the Indian economy and insurance sector as well, there is a tremendous potential for an actuary not only in Indian insurance sector but also worldwide, given that, the regulations now prescribe that every company must have an appointed actuary. The actuary basically is a mathematician or a statistician, who works out the premium rates, the product design, and in a sense also decides on the solvency margin of insurance companies and thus the very growth and future of the company depends upon his accurate assessment. The job profile of an actuary makes him one of the most sought after and revered insurance professional and also commands excellent pay and perks of office.

Job Profile

• Evaluates the risk for companies to be used for strategic management decisions and choosing the right alternative.
• Actuaries use their analytical and mathematical skills to predict the risk of writing insurance policies through the use of mathematical, statistical and economic models.
• An actuary not only fixes the premium rates for new products, but also revises both products and prices. They calculate costs to assume risk, for example how much to charge policyholders for life or health insurance premiums?

        

Educational Qualifications
CA course can be pursued in two ways. If you want to pursue the course after graduation, then you need to have a minimum degree of commerce with 50% marks. If you are a Science or Arts graduate, then you should have scored a minimum of 60% or more at the graduation stage, other graduates are eligible if they have an aggregate of 65% or more at the graduation stage.

Aptitude
Numerical proficiency, academic excellence, willingness to study extremely hard, time management, ability to see behind what is obvious, decision making, determination and self motivation are the key requirements to be successful in the profession.

Examination hurdle
The main entrance exam for CA is the Foundation Exam. The subjects include Accounting, Mercantile Law, Mathematics, Statistics and Economics. Once you have passed the CA Foundation exam, you are eligible to become a CA student under the ICAI. There are two stages after that. First is Intermediate and the second is Final. You have to clear both the stages to be called a professional CA. Once you pass out of the institute, you are called ACA or an Associate member of the institute. With additional experience, you become FCA or fellow member of the institute.

        

One of the major tasks of the Indian Air Force is flying combat aircraft, transport and helicopters to protect the sovereignty and independence of the country. Other tasks include technical work such as Aeronautical Engineering, Electronics, Computers, and Administrative, Financial, and Planning duties. There are three main branches the Air Force:

The Flying Branch

The Technical Branch

The Ground Duties Branch

Entry to the Career
National Defense Academy (NDA) is the earliest route to enter the profession right after 10 plus 2. You have to be a science graduate (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) to appear in the written test. After that you are also required to clear various rounds of of interviews, group exercises and personality tests which to gain an entry in the profession. Another option to gain an entry after graduation is through Combined Defense Services (CDS) exam which one has to clear. Those wishing to join as fighter pilots are also required to clear a special aptitude test which tests your mental bend of mind and ability to take split second decisions.